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Coordinates: 18°4′31″N 63°3′36″W / 18.07528°N 63.06000°W / 18.07528; -63.06000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Saint Martin (France)" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Martin § France.
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Saint Martin
Saint-Martin (French)
Overseas collectivity of France and outermost region of the European Union
Collectivity of Saint Martin
Collectivité de Saint-Martin
Official seal of Saint Martin
Coat of arms
Anthem: La Marseillaise
("The Marseillaise")
Territorial anthem: "O Sweet Saint Martin's Land"
Location of Saint Martin in the Leeward Islands
Location of Saint Martin in the Leeward Islands
Saint Martin is located on the northern half of the island of Saint Martin.
Saint Martin is located on the northern half of
the island of Saint Martin.
Sovereign state France
Partition of island23 March 1648
Separated from Guadeloupe15 July 2007
Capital
and largest city
Marigot
Official languagesFrench
Demonym(s)Saint-Martinois
GovernmentDevolved parliamentary dependency
Emmanuel Macron
Cyrille Le Vély[1]
Louis Mussington[2]
LegislatureTerritorial Council
French Parliament
? Senate
1 senator (of 377)
? National Assembly
1 seat shared with Saint Barthélemy (of 577)
Area
? Total
53.2[3] km2 (20.5 sq mi)
? Water (%)
negligible
Population
? Jan. 2021 census
31,477[4]
? Density
592/km2 (1,533.3/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)2014 estimate
? Total
US$771.9 million (€581.8 million)[5]
? Per capita
US$21,987 (€16,572)[5]
Currency
Time zoneUTC-4:00 (AST)
Driving sideRight
Calling code+590
INSEE code
978
ISO 3166 code
Internet TLD

The Collectivity of Saint Martin (French: Collectivité de Saint-Martin), commonly known as simply Saint Martin (Saint-Martin, [s?? ma?t??] ?), is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean, on the northern half of the island of Saint Martin, as well as some smaller adjacent islands.[6] Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel.[7] Its capital is Marigot.[6]

With a population of 31,477 as of January 2021[4] on an area of 53.2 square kilometres (20.5 sq mi),[3] it encompasses the northern 60% of the divided island of Saint Martin, and some neighbouring islets, the largest of which is ?le Tintamarre. The southern 40% of the island of Saint Martin constitutes Sint Maarten, which has been a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands[6] since 2010 following the dissolution of Netherlands Antilles. This marks the only place in the world where France borders the Netherlands.

Before 2007, the French part of Saint Martin was a commune belonging to the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. Despite seceding from Guadeloupe in 2007 and gaining more autonomy as an overseas collectivity of France, Saint Martin has remained an outermost region of the European Union and is part of the eurozone. For statistical purposes, it is still included in the NUTS 2 (FRY1) and NUTS 3 (FRY10) of Guadeloupe by Eurostat.

Etymology

[edit]

Due to confusion on early maps, the island accidentally got the name intended for Nevis by Christopher Columbus in honour of St Martin of Tours because he first sighted it on the saint's feast day on 11 November 1493.

History

[edit]
Main articles: History of Saint Martin and French West Indies

Pre-colonial

[edit]

Archaeological evidence indicates that Saint Martin was inhabited by Amerindian peoples as early as 2000 BC.[8] The earliest known settlers were Archaic Age hunter-gatherers, followed by the Saladoid culture, who arrived around 550 BC from the Orinoco River basin, introducing agriculture and pottery.[9] These communities established villages, such as the one at Hope Estate, which remained occupied until approximately 650 AD.[8][10] Around 1300–1400 AD, the island saw the arrival of the Kalinago (Carib) people, who began to displace the earlier Arawak inhabitants.[8][9]

Arrival of Europeans

[edit]
The 1633 Spanish capture of Saint Martin, as painted by Juan de la Corte

It is commonly believed that Christopher Columbus named the island in honor of Saint Martin of Tours when he encountered it on his second voyage of discovery. However, he actually applied the name to the island now called Nevis when he anchored offshore on 11 November 1493, the feast day of Saint Martin.[11] The confusion of numerous poorly charted small islands in the Leeward Islands meant that this name was accidentally transferred to the island now known as Saint-Martin.[12][13]

Nominally a Spanish territory, the island became the focus of the competing interest of the European powers, notably France and the United Provinces. Meanwhile, the Amerindian population began to decline precipitously, dying from diseases brought by the Europeans.

In 1631, the Dutch built Fort Amsterdam on Saint Martin and the Dutch West India Company began mining salt there. Tensions between the Netherlands and Spain were already high due to the ongoing Eighty Years' War, and in 1633 the Spanish captured St Martin and drove off the Dutch colonists. The Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, attempted to regain control in 1644 but were unsuccessful.[14] However, in 1648 the Eighty Years' War ended and the island lost its strategic and economic value to Spain. The Spanish abandoned it and the Dutch returned.[8] The French also began settling, and rather than fight for control of the entire island the two powers agreed to divide it in two with the Treaty of Concordia.[15][16] The first governor of French Saint Martin was Robert de Longvilliers. Various adjustments to the precise alignment of the border occurred, with the boundary settling at its current position by 1817.

18th–19th centuries

[edit]

During the 18th century, the French and Dutch developed cotton, tobacco, and sugar plantations on the island, leading to the importation of a significant number of African slaves, who eventually outnumbered the European settlers.[8] The French abolished slavery on 28 May 1848, following a decree by the provisional government.[17] This led to immediate repercussions on the Dutch side; for instance, the entire enslaved population of the Diamond Estate Plantation fled to the French side, where they were recognized as free individuals.[18][19][20] The Dutch abolished slavery later, on 1 July 1863.[8][21] Meanwhile, In 1763, Saint Martin was administratively merged into France's Guadeloupe colony.[8][9]

20th–21st centuries

[edit]

By the first decades of the 20th century Saint Martin's economy was in a poor state, prompting many to emigrate.[8] Things improved during the Second World War as the Americans built an airstrip on the Dutch side of the island.[8]

In 1946 Saint Martin (along with Saint Barthélemy) was formally subsumed as an arrondissement into the Guadeloupe département.[8] Tourism started expanding from the 1960s–70s onward, eventually becoming the dominant sector of Saint Martin's economy.[8]

Hurricane Luis hit the island in 1995, causing immense destruction and resulting in 12 deaths.[8]

In 2007 Saint Martin was detached from Guadeloupe and became a territorial collectivity with its own Prefect and Territorial Council.[6]

In 2017, Saint Martin was again devastated by a hurricane, Irma, causing widespread destruction across the entire island.[22]

Geography

[edit]
Topographic map of the island of Saint Martin

The Collectivity of Saint Martin occupies the northern half of the island of Saint Martin in the Leeward Islands; the southern half forms the Dutch territory of Sint Maarten. To the north across the Anguilla Channel lies the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla, to the south-east of the island lies the French island of Saint Barthélemy and further south are the Dutch islands of Saba and Sint Eustatius.

Saint Martin's land area is 53.2 km2 (20.5 sq mi)[3] The terrain is generally hilly, with the highest peak being Pic Paradis at 424 m (1,391 ft), which is also the highest peak on the island as a whole.[6] The Terres Basses region lying west of the capital Marigot, which contains the French half of the Simpson Bay Lagoon, is flatter. There are a few small lakes on Saint Martin, such as Chevrise Pond, Great Pond and Red Pond. The land is part of the Leeward Islands xeric scrub ecoregion.[23]

Numerous small islands lie off the coast, including Rock of the Cove Marcel, Creole Rock, Little Key, Pinel Island, Green Cay Grand Islet (within the Simpson Bay Lagoon) and the largest Tintamarre Island.

Hurricane Irma

[edit]

Hurricane Irma hit Saint Martin on 6 September 2017; 95% of the structures on the French side were damaged or destroyed.[22][24] Looting or "pillaging" was a problem initially; France subsequently sent 240 gendarmes to help control the situation.[25][26][27]

On 11 September President Emmanuel Macron visited St Martin to view the damage and to assure residents of support for relief efforts.[28] At that time, only tourists and visitors from France (mainlanders) had been evacuated from St. Martin, leading to complaints by black and mixed-race residents that whites were being given priority.[29] Macron pledged 50 million euros of aid for the French islands and said the rebuilding will be done quickly but very well.[30] By March 2018 much of the territory's infrastructure was back up and running.[31]

Politics and government

[edit]
Main article: Politics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin
View of the capital Marigot from Fort St. Louis

Saint Martin was for many years a French commune, forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas région and département of France. In 2003 the population of the French part of the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France.[6][32] On 9 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both the French part of Saint Martin and (separately) the neighbouring Saint Barthélemy.[33] The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, once the local assemblies were elected,[34] with the second round of the vote ultimately occurring on 15 July 2007.[35] Saint Martin remains part of the European Union.[36]

The new governance structure befitting an overseas collectivity took effect on 15 July 2007 with the first session of the Territorial Council (French: Conseil territorial). This is a unicameral body of 23 members, with elections held every five years.[7][6] The first President of the Territorial Council was Louis-Constant Fleming, however on 25 July 2008 Fleming resigned after being sanctioned by the Conseil d'état for one year over problems with his 2007 election campaign.[37] On 7 August, Frantz Gumbs was elected as President of the Territorial Council.[38] However, his election was declared invalid on 10 April 2009 and Daniel Gibbs appointed as Acting President of the Territorial Council on 14 April 2009.[39] Gumbs was re-elected on 5 May 2009.[40]

The Chief of State is the President of France (currently Emmanuel Macron), who is represented locally by a Prefect appointed on the advice of the Minister of the Interior (France).[6][7] The current Prefect is Sylvie Feucher.[41] Saint Martin elects one member to the French Senate, and one to the French National Assembly (note that the latter post is shared with Saint Barthélemy).[6]

Before 2007, Saint Martin was coded as GP (Guadeloupe) in ISO 3166-1. In October 2007, it received the ISO 3166-1 code MF (alpha-2 code), MAF (alpha-3 code), and 663 (numeric code).[42]

There currently exists a movement in Saint Martin aiming for the unification of the island of Saint Martin,[43] which has its own flag.[44]

Demographics

[edit]

Saint Martin had a population of 31,477 according to the January 2021 census,[4] which means a population density of 592 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,530/sq mi). At the 2017 French census the population was 35,334[45] (up from only 8,072 inhabitants at the 1982 census). The population decrease between 2017 and 2021 is largely due to the impact of Hurricane Irma which hit the island in early September 2017 and destroyed most of its infrastructure.

Most residents live on the coastal region in the towns of Marigot (the capital), Grand-Case and Quartier-d'Orleans.[6] Most residents are of black or mixed Creole ancestry, with smaller numbers of Europeans and Indians.[6]

French is the official language of the territory.[6] Other languages spoken include English, Dutch, Papiamento and Spanish. The Saint Martin dialect of Virgin Islands Creole (based on English) is spoken in informal situations on both the French and Dutch sides of the island.[46] The sizable Haitian community (7,000 in 2000) also uses Haitian Creole.[47]

The main religions are Roman Catholicism, Jehovah's Witnesses, various Protestant denominations, Hinduism and Islam.[6]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1885 3,400—    
1954 3,366?0.01%
1961 4,502+4.08%
1967 5,061+1.96%
1974 6,191+2.92%
1982 8,072+3.65%
1990 28,518+17.05%
1999 29,078+0.22%
2007 35,925+2.74%
2012 35,742?0.10%
2017 35,334?0.23%
2021 31,477?2.85%
Official figures from French censuses. Census date for censuses after 1999 is 1 January.

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Provisional): [48]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 14 191 16 095 30 286 100
0–4 993 979 1 972 6.51
5–9 1 062 1 075 2 137 7.06
10–14 1 154 1 132 2 286 7.55
15–19 1 152 1 120 2 272 7.50
20–24 876 882 1 758 5.80
25–29 722 857 1 579 5.21
30–34 761 957 1 718 5.67
35–39 766 1 002 1 768 5.84
40–44 785 990 1 775 5.86
45–49 907 1 106 2 013 6.65
50–54 1 006 1 180 2 186 7.22
55–59 1 046 1 159 2 205 7.28
60–64 891 982 1 873 6.18
65–69 732 823 1 555 5.13
70–74 539 641 1 180 3.90
75–79 358 460 818 2.70
80–84 237 351 588 1.94
85–89 133 223 356 1.18
90–94 53 119 172 0.57
95–99 16 44 60 0.20
100+ 2 13 15 0.05
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 3 209 3 186 6 395 21.12
15–64 8 912 10 235 19 147 63.22
65+ 2 070 2 674 4 744 15.66

Education

[edit]

The collectivity has the following public preschool, primary, and elementary schools:[49]

  • Preschools: Jean Anselme, Jér?me Beaupère, Elaine Clarke, Evelina Halley, Ghyslaine Rogers, Trott Simeone
  • Primary schools: Omer Arrondell, émile Choisy, Nina Duverly, Elie Gibs, Aline Hanson, émile Larmonnie, Marie-Amélie Ledee, Clair Saint-Maximin, Hervé Williams
  • école élémentaire M-Antoinette Richard

There are three junior high schools (collège) and one senior high school:[50]

Religion

[edit]

The majority of the inhabitants of the island of St. Martin profess Christianity,[51] and in the French part the Catholic Church is the faith of the majority.[51] There are also other Christian groups and religions represented on the island.[quantify]

Mary Star of the Sea, a Catholic church in Grand-Case

The French territory of St. Martin is part of the Diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre (in Latin, Dioecesis Imae Telluris and in French, Diocèse de Basse-Terre et Pointe-à-Pitre), attached to the organization of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese includes the territories of Guadeloupe, St. Barthélemy and St. Martin. This diocese is part of the ecclesiastical province of Fort-de-France, in the ecclesiastical region of the Antilles, and has as neighbors to the northwest, the diocese of Saint John-Basseterre and to the southeast, the Diocese of Roseau.

About sixty priests are active in the diocese[51] and serve several churches, among them the Church of Saint Martin de Tours (Saint-Martin-de-Tours)[52] in Marigot, the Church of Mary Star of the Sea (église de Marie Etoile de la Mer)[53] in Grand Case and the Church of Saint Martin in Quartier d'Orléans (église de Saint-Martin).[54]

The episcopal see is located in Basse-Terre, city of Guadeloupe,[55] with the cathedral of Our Lady of Guadeloupe as the main or mother church, (cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Guadeloupe).

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Saint Martin
Marigot in 2017 after Hurricane Irma, which severely impacted the tourism-dependent economy

As a part of France, the official currency of Saint Martin is the euro,[6] though the US dollar is also widely accepted. Tourism is the main economic activity – with over one million visitors annually some 85% of the population is employed in this sector.[6] The other major sector is the financial services industry.[6] Though limited, agriculture and fishing are also practiced, though these sectors are very small and most food is imported.[6]

INSEE estimated that the nominal GDP of Saint Martin amounted to 581.8 million euros in 2014 (US$771.9 million at 2014 exchanges rates; US$660.3 million at Feb. 2022 exchange rates).[5] In that same year the nominal GDP per capita of Saint Martin was 16,572 euros (US$21,987 at 2014 exchanges rates; US$18,806 at Feb. 2022 exchange rates),[5] which was only half the GDP per capita of metropolitan France in 2014, and 79% of Guadeloupe's GDP per capita.[56] In comparison, the nominal GDP per capita on the Dutch side of the island, Sint Maarten, was US$33,536 in 2014.[57]

Newspapers

[edit]

The following newspapers are published in Saint Martin:

Transport

[edit]
Passengers disembarking at Grand Case-Espérance Airport

Saint Martin has one airport, Grand Case-Espérance Airport, which provides flights to Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Barthélemy.[64][65] For international tourists, Saint Martin relies on Princess Juliana International Airport on the Dutch side of the island.[7]

Sport

[edit]
See also: Football in Saint Martin

Saint Martin has a national football team, and competes in CONCACAF competitions.[66]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Préfet". Les services de l'état à Saint-Barthélemy et Saint-Martin (in French). Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  2. ^ "Louis Mussington becomes the 6th president of French Saint Martin on Sunday". SMX Island Time. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Mise à jour du plan de prévention des risques naturels de la collectivité territoriale de Saint-Martin" (PDF). Preferecture of Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin (in French). Government of France. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "Décret n° 2023-1256 du 26 décembre 2023 authentifiant les chiffres des populations de métropole, des départements d'outre-mer de la Guadeloupe, de la Guyane, de la Martinique et de La Réunion, et des collectivités de Saint-Barthélemy, de Saint-Martin, et de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Government of France. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d "Estimation of per capita GDP in Saint-Martin" (PDF). CEROM. INSEE. May 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "CIA World Factbook – Saint Martin". Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d "Encyclopedia Britannica – Saint Martin". Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "History of Saint Martin". Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  9. ^ a b c TY  - JOUR AU  - Nathalie, Serrand AU  - Dominique, Bonnissent PY  - 2018/03/20 SP  - 1 EP  - 16 T1  - Interacting Pre-Columbian Amerindian Societies and Environments: Insights from Five Millennia of Archaeological Invertebrate Record on the Saint-Martin Island (French Lesser Antilles) VL  - 26 DO  - 10.1080/14614103.2018.1450463 JO  - Environmental Archaeology ER  -
  10. ^ "Pre-Colombian history of Sint Maarten - Saint Maarten | Caribbean". www.st-maarten.com. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  11. ^ "Saint Martin, Caribbean, Maritime History and World Seaports during the 1800s. The Maritime Heritage Project. Sea Captains, Ships, Merchants, Merchandise, Immigration and Passengers". www.maritimeheritage.org. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  12. ^ Hubbard, Vincent K. (2002). A History of St Kitts. MacMillan Caribbean. p. 13. ISBN 0333747607.
  13. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). The European Discovery of America, The Southern Voyages. Oxford University Press. pp. 108–109.
  14. ^ Caribbean: The Lesser Antilles Karl Luntta
  15. ^ Henocq, Christophe (15 March 2010), "Concordia Treaty, 23rd March 1648", Heritage, 6: 13, retrieved 17 September 2018
  16. ^ "Where Saint-Martin Ends and Sint Maarten Begins". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  17. ^ "The abolition of slavery. 1848 | Patrimoines Partagés - France Amériques". heritage.bnf.fr. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  18. ^ "UNESCO".
  19. ^ "UNESCO MEMORY WORLD". www.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 6 January 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  20. ^ "St. Martin News Network - Abolition of Slavery in Saint-Martin: a 28th of May…". smn-news.com. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  21. ^ "Dutch involvement in the transatlantic slave trade and abolition | African Studies Centre Leiden". ascleiden.nl. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  22. ^ a b Dutch officials: Irma damaged or destroyed 70 percent of St. Maarten homes, leaving island vulnerable to Jose's approach. The Washington Post 9 September 2017. [1] Accessed 9 September 2017
  23. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  24. ^ Hurricane Irma destroys '95%' of French part of St. Martin—official, Agence France-Presse 7 September 2017. [2] Accessed 9 September 2017
  25. ^ Whelan, Robbie; Pop, Valentina (9 September 2017). "Looting Reported on Caribbean Island Struck by Hurricane Irma". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  26. ^ "Irma shatters Caribbean, drives toward Florida with Hurricane Jose in wake – the Globe and Mail". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  27. ^ "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  28. ^ Hilary Clarke; Samantha Beech (11 September 2017). "European leaders step up Irma relief effort in Caribbean". CNN. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  29. ^ "In Irma's aftermath, Black residents of St. Martin complain France is evacuating white tourists first – The Star". Toronto Star. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  30. ^ Staff and agencies (12 September 2017). "Emmanuel Macron pledges €50m to help Irma-ravaged Caribbean territories". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  31. ^ "Updated: Mapping what's open and closed in the Caribbean: Travel Weekly". travelweekly.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  32. ^ "French Caribbean voters reject change". Caribbean Net News. 9 December 2003. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2007. However voters on the two tiny French dependencies of Saint-Barthelemy and Saint-Martin, which have been administratively attached to Guadeloupe, approved the referendum and are set to acquire the new status of "overseas collectivity".
  33. ^ "Saint-Barth To Become An Overseas Collectivity" (PDF). St. Barth Weekly. 9 February 2007. p. 2. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
  34. ^ NewMedia. "Les élections du futur conseil territorial font débat – Politique – Ixprim News – NewMedia – Newmedia". newmedia-fr.info. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009.
  35. ^ See J. P. Thiellay, Droit des outre-mers, Paris:Dalloz, 2007.
  36. ^ "Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 355". Official Journal of the European Union. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  37. ^ "Louis-Constant Fleming démissionné par le conseil d'Etat" (in French). fxgpariscaraibe. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
  38. ^ "Frantz Gumbs elected new president of Collectivité". The Daily Herald. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2008. Frantz Gumbs, formerly president of Union Pour le Progrès (UPP) party, swept into power as new president of the Collectivité at an extraordinary meeting of the Territorial Council on Thursday after winning the 23-councillor vote with a clear majority over Marthe Ogoundélé-Tessi.
  39. ^ "The Daily Herald – New Domain Redirect". thedailyherald.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009.
  40. ^ "May 2009". rulers.org.
  41. ^ Government of the French Republic (18 June 2018). "Décret du 18 juin 2018 portant nomination de la préfète déléguée auprès du représentant de l'Etat dans les collectivités de Saint-Barthélemy et de Saint-Martin – Mme DANIELO-FEUCHER (Sylvie)". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  42. ^ ISO 3166-1 Newsletter. Assignment of code elements for Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin and update of France and other French Territories
  43. ^ Badejo, Fabian Adekunle (25 December 2004). "The reunification of St. Martin: A pipe dream or an inevitable choice?". House of Nehesi Publishers.
  44. ^ "12th anniversary of St. Martin's "Unity Flag" observed Saturday on Conscious Lyrics; students raise money for unity bumper stickers". House of Nehesi Publishers. 29 August 2002.
  45. ^ "Populations légales 2017 des départements et collectivités d'outre-mer". INSEE (in French). Government of France. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  46. ^ Holm (1989) Pidgins and Creoles, vol. 2
  47. ^ Klomp, Ank. "Saint Martin: Communal Identities on a Divided Caribbean Island." In: Niedermüller, Peter and Bjarne Stoklund (editors). Journal of European Ethnology Volume 30:2, 2000: Borders and Borderlands: An Anthropological Perspective. Museum Tusculanum Press, 2000. ISBN 8772896779, 9788772896779. Start: p. 73. CITED: p. 80.
  48. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  49. ^ "LISTE DES éCOLES PUBLIQUES ET PRIVéES SOUS CONTRAT." Académie de la Guadeloupe [fr]. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  50. ^ "établissements du 2nd degré PUBLIC 2017-2018 Archived 7 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine." Académie de la Guadeloupe [fr]. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  51. ^ a b c "Basse-Terre". église catholique en France (in French). Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  52. ^ "église de Saint Martin de Tours". GCatholic. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  53. ^ "église de Marie étoile de la Mer". GCatholic. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  54. ^ "église de Saint-Martin". GCatholic. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  55. ^ "Diocèse de Guadeloupe" (in French). Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  56. ^ "Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020". INSEE. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  57. ^ Total 2014 GDP of Sint Maarten ("GDP 2018 – Press Release" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Sint Maarten. Retrieved 21 February 2022.) divided by the number of inhabitants in 2014 ("Population Estimates and Vital Statistics 2021" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2022.), then converted from Netherlands Antillean gulden to US dollars at the 1.79 official peg.
  58. ^ "Qui sommes nous?". lepelican-journal.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  59. ^ "Contact". Faxinfo. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  60. ^ "Contacter la rédaction de SXMINFO". Saint Martin Island | sxminfo.fr (in French). 2 June 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  61. ^ "Mentions Légales". SoualigaPost.com (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  62. ^ "Politique Editoriale retenue". Le St Martin's Week (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  63. ^ "St. Martin News Network – Contact Us". smn-news.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  64. ^ "St. Martin Tourist Office – Coming to SXM by air or sea". St. Martin Tourist Office. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007.
  65. ^ "StBarthCommuter.com – L'Espérance Airport, Grand Case (SFG)". Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  66. ^ "Saint Martin down Bonaire to clinch first-place, promotion". Concacaf. 22 November 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
[edit]

18°4′31″N 63°3′36″W? / ?18.07528°N 63.06000°W? / 18.07528; -63.06000

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